Autoimmune hepatitis
● Symptoms and Causes
CAUSE: HLA and non-HLA molecules as well as environmental triggers such as viruses, toxins, and the microbiome have been suggested as key components for a T cell-mediated immune response.
CELLULAR and MOLECULAR MECHENISM: The presentation of autoantigenic peptide (AG) to naïve CD4+ T helper cells (TH0) by antigen-presenting cells (APC, dendritic cells (DC)) leads to a secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, and TGF-B) who give rise to the development of Th1, Th2, and TH17 cells. TH1 cells secrete IL-2 and IFN-y, which stimulate CD8+ cells to induce expression of HLA class I and HLA class II molecules on hepatocytes. Tregs and Th2 cells secrete IL-4, Il-10, and IL-13 thereby stimulating the maturation of B cells and plasma cells which themselves produce autoantibodies. TH17 cells, which increased number correlates with the degree of liver fibrosis, secrete proinflammatory cytokines and suppress T regulatory cells (Treg). The numerical decrease of Tregs leads to impaired tolerance to autoantigens which subsequently results in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune liver damage.
Autoimmune hepatitis
● Symptoms and Causes
CAUSE: HLA and non-HLA molecules as well as environmental triggers such as viruses, toxins, and the microbiome have been suggested as key components for a T cell-mediated immune response.
CELLULAR and MOLECULAR MECHENISM: The presentation of autoantigenic peptide (AG) to naïve CD4+ T helper cells (TH0) by antigen-presenting cells (APC, dendritic cells (DC)) leads to a secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, and TGF-B) who give rise to the development of Th1, Th2, and TH17 cells. TH1 cells secrete IL-2 and IFN-y, which stimulate CD8+ cells to induce expression of HLA class I and HLA class II molecules on hepatocytes. Tregs and Th2 cells secrete IL-4, Il-10, and IL-13 thereby stimulating the maturation of B cells and plasma cells which themselves produce autoantibodies. TH17 cells, which increased number correlates with the degree of liver fibrosis, secrete proinflammatory cytokines and suppress T regulatory cells (Treg). The numerical decrease of Tregs leads to impaired tolerance to autoantigens which subsequently results in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune liver damage.